I believe you will have a hard time developing an action to handle different size documents. If all your Document have a square aspect ratio 1:1 you may be able to record square selections that are a percentage of the documents equal with and height brake the image into square tiles layers. and the export layer to files. If your images have different aspect ratios you would need to use Photoshop scripting to cut up your images and it you want to use a 12" x 12" tiles the Aspect ratio side need to be some multiple of 12.
x12 by y12 that is x feet by y feet. A script can use logic to look at the a document canvas size in pixels and its resolution to see if the a document sides are a multiple of 12". Actions can not use logic they are hard coded steps.
If a document is a correct size a script could easily create the 12" x 12" tile document you need. With file names like ImageName+Row#+Column#.jpg.